The Geographic Reality

Where your property sits determines your nuclear verdict risk more than almost any other factor you control.

Briefings #1 and #2 established the size of the nuclear verdict problem and the forces driving it. This briefing makes it specific — because nuclear verdict risk is not spread evenly across America. It concentrates in predictable places, against predictable types of defendants, in courts with documented track records of anti-corporate outcomes.

For Alliance members — hotel operators, real estate owners, habitational property managers, and gaming operators — this geographic concentration matters enormously. Unlike a manufacturer who can choose where to build a factory, or a technology company that exists primarily in the digital space, members of the Alliance are anchored to physical locations. The county where your property sits is the county where litigation will be filed. And in America's judicial hellholes, that county can be the difference between a manageable claim and a verdict that threatens the organization's existence.

The Alliance's venue intelligence program exists precisely because this information — current, segment-specific, and actionable — is not available to most members through any other channel. This briefing is a summary. The full venue intelligence database is available to Tier 2 and Tier 3 members through the member portal.

Research attribution: Venue risk assessments in this briefing are derived from the American Tort Reform Foundation's 2024–2025 and 2025–2026 Judicial Hellholes reports, Marathon Strategies' Corporate Verdicts Go Thermonuclear 2025 state-by-state data, Sedgwick's 2025 liability litigation environment analysis, and the U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform's state-level research series. The Alliance's editorial positions and segment-specific risk assessments represent the alliance's analytical interpretation of publicly available institutional research.
Critical Risk Venues

The venues where Alliance members face the highest documented nuclear verdict exposure

The following venues are designated Critical Risk based on documented patterns of nuclear verdicts against corporate defendants, plaintiff-friendly judicial rulings, active litigation tourism, and conditions that systematically disadvantage defendants at every stage of civil litigation. Members operating properties in these locations should treat every high-exposure incident as a potential nuclear verdict case from day one.

#1
2025–2026 ATRF Judicial Hellhole · Critical Risk
Los Angeles, California
Named the worst-of-the-worst venue in America for 2025–2026. Produced a $1 billion nuclear verdict in 2025. Courts actively entertain novel liability theories that continuously expand defendant exposure. Small businesses face predatory ADA lawsuits. Ongoing attacks on arbitration remove one of defendants' key procedural protections. California as a whole produced 17 nuclear verdicts in 2024 — second only to Texas — with $6.9 billion in total awards.
$1B+
2025 single verdict record
17
CA nuclear verdicts 2024
Hospitality Commercial Real Estate Gaming Nuclear Verdicts Endemic Novel Liability Theories Litigation Tourism
#2
2024–2025 ATRF #1 · 2025–2026 #2 · Critical Risk
Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas & Pennsylvania Supreme Court
Ranked #1 for the 2024–2025 period and remains #2 in 2025–2026. Nine-figure awards are routine. A nearly $1 billion verdict in a product liability case in 2023 was then increased to $1.009 billion by a judge adding delay damages. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court eliminated an important venue requirement for medical liability, opening the floodgates to out-of-state plaintiff litigation tourism. Pennsylvania produced 12 nuclear verdicts in 2024 — third nationally.
$1B
single verdict with delay damages added
12
PA nuclear verdicts 2024
Hospitality Habitational Commercial Real Estate Nine-Figure Verdicts Routine Litigation Tourism Destination Duplicative Damages Allowed
#3
2025–2026 ATRF #3 · Critical Risk
New York City
New York City is in the grip of what the ATRF describes as a "fraudemic" — a wave of abusive litigation practices that has made the five boroughs among the most dangerous venues for corporate defendants in the country. State-specific laws — including Labor Law 240, the "Scaffold Law" — create virtually unlimited liability for property owners in construction injury cases with no comparative negligence defense. Commercial real estate and hospitality operators in NYC face compounded exposure from both the plaintiff-friendly judiciary and these unique statutory liabilities.
7
NY nuclear verdicts 2024
$2.1B
total NY awards 2024
Hospitality Habitational Commercial Real Estate Scaffold Law Unlimited Liability Fraudemic Conditions Abusive Litigation Practices
#4
2025–2026 ATRF Top 10 · Critical Risk
Cook County, Illinois
Cook County hosts a disproportionate share of Illinois' statewide litigation and nuclear verdicts. The county is a hotbed for no-injury lawsuits under the state's Biometric Information Privacy Act, asbestos litigation, and premises liability claims. A plaintiff-friendly state legislature has enacted no meaningful civil justice reforms in decades. Illinois households pay an estimated $4,281 annually in hidden tort costs — the fourth-highest burden in the nation per the U.S. Chamber ILR's 2025 state analysis.
$4,281
annual tort cost per IL household
Top 5
ATRF ranking 6 consecutive years
Hospitality Commercial Real Estate No-Injury Lawsuit Hotspot No Reform In Decades Plaintiff-Friendly Legislature
TX
Marathon Strategies #1 by Verdict Count 2024 · High Risk
Texas — Led All States in Nuclear Verdict Count
Texas led all states with 23 nuclear verdicts in 2024 — nearly double the next state — producing $3 billion in total awards. The state's broad geography includes both plaintiff-friendly urban courts (Harris County/Houston, Dallas County) and more defense-favorable rural venues. For hospitality and real estate members operating in Texas's major markets, venue-specific intelligence is critical — the difference between a Houston and an Amarillo filing can be the difference between a nuclear and a reasonable outcome. Texas also leads in commercial trucking verdicts highly relevant to hospitality transportation exposure.
23
nuclear verdicts 2024 — most of any state
$3B
total TX awards 2024
Hospitality Gaming Commercial Real Estate Venue-Specific Risk Urban vs. Rural Divide Trucking Liability Leader
NV
Marathon Strategies #1 by Dollar Value 2024 · Critical for Gaming Segment
Nevada — $8.4 Billion in Nuclear Verdict Awards in 2024
Nevada led all states in total nuclear verdict dollar value in 2024 with $8.4 billion — largely driven by the Real Water product liability litigation. For the Alliance's gaming segment, Nevada represents the primary operating jurisdiction and carries concentrated verdict risk. The state's hotel and gaming exposure is compounded by the "deep pockets" perception that casinos carry, and by plaintiff attorneys' documented targeting of resort and gaming defendants in Las Vegas metro courts. Clark County (Las Vegas) requires specific monitoring for hospitality and gaming members.
$8.4B
total NV awards 2024 — most of any state
#1
state by total dollar value 2024
Gaming Hospitality Deep Pockets Perception Product Liability Hotspot Clark County Monitoring Required
GA
2025–2026 ATRF Watch List — Post-Reform but Persistent Local Risk
Georgia — Gwinnett, Fulton & Cobb Counties
Georgia enacted landmark comprehensive tort reform in April 2025, signed by Governor Kemp — a major legislative achievement that the Alliance actively supported. The state dropped from #1 on the ATRF hellholes list to the Watch List as a result. However, three county courts — Gwinnett, Fulton, and Cobb — remain problematic, with judges who have not yet restored fairness to local civil litigation. Members operating in Atlanta metro properties should monitor county-level developments closely through 2025–2026 as the reform's effects materialize.
Dropped from #1 to Watch List after 2025 reform
3
counties still flagged as problematic
Hospitality Commercial Real Estate Reform Success — State Level County Courts Still Problematic Monitor Through 2026
MO
2025–2026 ATRF Top 10 · High Risk
St. Louis, Missouri
St. Louis courts are known for skirting state law and U.S. Supreme Court precedent to favor plaintiff outcomes. The city has become a destination for litigation tourism from out-of-state and even international plaintiffs. Missouri law explicitly permits damages anchoring without restriction — meaning plaintiff counsel can demand any number and face no procedural constraint. Asbestos litigation remains a dominant docket item, but premises liability and personal injury cases against hospitality and real estate defendants are a growing part of the court's nuclear verdict production.
Top 10
ATRF consecutive years
Unlimited
anchoring — no procedural constraints
Hospitality Commercial Real Estate Anchoring Unrestricted Litigation Tourism Destination
Court System Intelligence

Federal court removal is an increasingly important — and increasingly used — defense strategy.

One of the most significant tactical developments in nuclear verdict defense in recent years has been the growing use of federal court removal as a strategy to escape plaintiff-friendly state court venues. Sedgwick's 2025 liability litigation analysis found that the share of nuclear verdicts occurring in state courts dropped from approximately 90% historically to 62% in 2024 — a dramatic shift suggesting that defense counsel is increasingly succeeding in removing cases to federal courts, where procedural safeguards are more robust and jury pools are drawn from broader geographic areas.

State vs. Federal — Nuclear Verdict Environment
Why federal court removal has become a priority defense strategy — and what the data shows
State Courts
62%
of nuclear verdicts in 2024
Down from approximately 90% historically. State courts have higher caps on punitive damages, more plaintiff-friendly venue rules, elected judges with incentives to favor local plaintiffs, and jury pools drawn from potentially hostile urban counties.
Federal Courts
38%
of nuclear verdicts in 2024
Up significantly from historical norms. Federal courts have more rigorous evidentiary standards, appointed judges with life tenure and no political pressure to favor plaintiffs, broader jury pools, and generally stronger safeguards against excessive punitive damages. Federal removal — where jurisdiction allows — has become a documented verdict-reduction tool.
"The shift in venue dynamics is notable. While 90% of nuclear verdicts were once occurring in state courts, that figure dropped to 62% in 2024, suggesting that federal court removal strategies are gaining traction and producing measurable results for defendants who can successfully remove." — Sedgwick, Navigating the Challenging U.S. Liability Litigation Environment (2025)
Source: Sedgwick, Claims Journal August 2025. Marathon Strategies 2025 for state-specific verdict data.
What This Means for Members

Federal removal is a legal strategy that requires specific jurisdictional conditions — primarily diversity of citizenship between the parties and a claim exceeding $75,000. Members operating as corporate entities with properties in states where the plaintiff is also a resident may face removal barriers. The Alliance advocates that carriers and defense counsel evaluate federal removal eligibility on every high-exposure file at the earliest possible stage — before substantial state court proceedings create waiver risks. Members should ask their carriers: "Was federal removal evaluated on this file, and what was the conclusion?"

Segment Intelligence

How each Alliance segment's geographic footprint intersects with the nuclear verdict map

The Alliance's four segments — commercial real estate, habitational, hospitality, and gaming — each have a different geographic risk profile based on where properties are typically located and where their specific liability exposures tend to generate the most dangerous litigation environments. The following matrix provides a framework for members to assess their own portfolio's concentration in high-risk venues.

Segment × Venue Risk Matrix — Alliance Members
Alliance Intelligence Analysis · Marathon Strategies · ATRF · Sedgwick · Swiss Re
Segment Primary Exposure Type Highest Risk Venues Key Risk Factor Overall Rating
Hospitality
Hotels & Resorts
Premises liability, guest injury, security failures, alcohol service, employee incidents Los Angeles, NYC, Philadelphia, Cook County, Las Vegas (Clark County), Houston (Harris County) Hotels are anchored in the highest-density urban markets — which are exactly the plaintiff-friendly venues. The "deep pockets" perception is acute for branded hotel properties. Critical
Commercial Real Estate
Office, Retail, Mixed-Use
Premises liability, slip-and-fall, security negligence, construction injury, tenant injury NYC (Scaffold Law), Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Cook County, St. Louis New York's Scaffold Law creates virtually unlimited liability for property owners on construction injury claims with no comparative negligence defense — uniquely dangerous for commercial real estate owners. Critical
Habitational
Multifamily & Apartments
Tenant injury, security failures, habitability claims, negligent maintenance, fair housing Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Cook County, NYC, St. Louis The "landlord vs. tenant" narrative is among the most plaintiff-favorable in nuclear verdict litigation. Anti-corporate sentiment is amplified when the defendant is a property management company or institutional landlord. Critical
Gaming
Casinos & Gaming Facilities
Patron injury, intoxication liability, security incidents, premises liability, gaming fraud claims Nevada (Clark County), New Jersey (Atlantic City area), Mississippi, Illinois (Cook County) Gaming operators face the most acute "deep pockets" perception of any Alliance segment. The combination of alcohol service, 24-hour operations, large cash flows, and high-profile brand recognition makes casinos a premium nuclear verdict target. Critical
The Compound Risk Problem

Members operating in multiple segments face compounded venue risk. A company that owns both a hotel and an apartment building in Los Angeles is exposed to nuclear verdict risk from two distinct liability streams — premises liability on the hotel side and tenant injury on the habitational side — in the single most dangerous corporate defendant venue in America. The Alliance's coverage structure and advocacy programs are specifically designed for members with this type of multi-segment urban concentration.

The Good News

Tort reform works. Florida and Georgia have proven it — and the momentum is building.

The nuclear verdict data is not uniformly grim. Two states have demonstrated conclusively that legislative tort reform produces measurable, documented reductions in nuclear verdict frequency — and the Alliance tracks this evidence carefully because it shapes our advocacy positions at the state and federal level.

Proof of Concept — State Tort Reform Success Stories
When legislatures act, nuclear verdicts decline. The data proves it.
Florida — 2023 Reform
Florida was historically the #2 state for nuclear verdicts from 2009 to 2022. After Governor DeSantis and the legislature enacted comprehensive tort reform in early 2023 — including limits on attorney fees, restrictions on bad faith claims, and changes to comparative fault standards — the results were immediate and measurable. Florida dropped to #7 in 2023 and #10 in 2024. Insurance rates stabilized or declined. More carriers entered the market. Citizens Insurance, the state's insurer of last resort, began reducing its policy count. Every objective metric improved.
Georgia — 2025 Reform
Georgia was the #1 or tied-for-#1 judicial hellhole for three consecutive years. In April 2025, Governor Kemp signed a landmark comprehensive tort reform package described by the ATRF as "historic" — addressing nuclear verdicts, inflated medical cost awards, premises liability expansion, and the archaic seatbelt gag rule. Georgia dropped from #1 to the Watch List in the 2025–2026 ATRF report. Swiss Re cited Georgia's reform alongside Florida's as evidence that legislative action can restore balance to civil justice systems that have drifted dangerously plaintiff-ward.
The lesson from Florida and Georgia is not that tort reform is easy — it required years of sustained advocacy by carriers, business associations, and trade groups working together. It is that tort reform works when that coalition forms and acts. The Alliance actively monitors and supports tort reform efforts in all states where members operate, and publishes legislative tracking updates for members as a component of the Intelligence pillar. Members who want to understand the tort reform landscape in their specific operating states can access state-specific briefings through the member portal.
Sources: Marathon Strategies 2025 (Florida ranking data), ATRF Judicial Hellholes 2025–2026 (Georgia reform assessment), Swiss Re Institute (tort reform as systemic solution), U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform (state reform tracking).
Member Action Framework

Three things every member should do with venue intelligence

Venue intelligence is only valuable if it changes behavior. The following framework gives members specific, actionable steps they can take in response to the data in this briefing — in partnership with their brokers and carriers.

01
Map Your Portfolio to Venue Risk
Work with your broker to overlay your property portfolio against the Alliance's venue risk ratings. Identify which properties sit in Critical Risk, High Risk, or Watch List jurisdictions. This mapping exercise is the foundation of every other risk management decision — you cannot prioritize what you haven't measured. The Alliance's venue map in the member portal provides county-level risk ratings for all 50 states.
02
Treat High-Risk Properties Differently
Properties in Critical Risk venues require a fundamentally different incident response protocol than properties in lower-risk environments. The 24-hour notification commitment in Alliance participation agreements exists precisely for this reason — incidents at high-risk properties need immediate carrier awareness, rapid evidence preservation, and early case evaluation before the litigation environment shapes outcomes. Ask your carrier: "Is our protocol for this property calibrated to its venue risk level?"
03
Advocate for Federal Removal Evaluation
On any high-exposure incident at a property in a Critical Risk venue, ask your carrier and defense counsel — at the earliest possible stage — whether federal removal is available and advisable. The 38% of nuclear verdicts now occurring in federal courts (up from approximately 10% historically) suggests this strategy is working for defendants who pursue it. Waiting until the case is well-developed in state court may create waiver risks that eliminate the option.
Alliance Intelligence Program
How the Alliance's venue intelligence serves members across all tiers
Venue intelligence is one of the Alliance's most differentiated member resources. No comparable purchasing group or specialty program in commercial excess casualty maintains a real-time, segment-specific venue tracking capability. The Alliance does — and makes it available to members at every tier, with deeper access as engagement increases.
Tier 1 Members: Access to the Alliance's published venue briefing series — including this document — and the annual Judicial Hellholes summary translated for hotel, real estate, habitational, and gaming operators.
Tier 2 Members: Full access to the Alliance's venue map database with county-level risk ratings, updated quarterly. Includes state-by-state tort reform tracking, active plaintiff attorney intelligence for high-risk venues, and venue-specific incident response guidance.
Tier 3 Members: All Tier 2 access plus portfolio-level venue risk assessment conducted by the Alliance's intelligence team — mapping your specific property addresses against current venue risk data and producing a prioritized risk report for broker and carrier conversations.
Broker Partners: The Alliance's venue intelligence gives brokers a powerful renewal conversation tool — specific, current, data-backed documentation of why a client's portfolio carries the excess liability risk profile it does, and what the Alliance's program is doing to manage it.

Briefing #4 in the Threat Series examines the nuclear settlement — the hidden epidemic that costs carriers and their insureds far more than nuclear verdicts do, and that is directly driven by the venue dynamics and force interactions documented in Briefings #2 and #3. Understanding nuclear settlements is essential context for understanding why the Alliance's early case evaluation and carrier advocacy programs matter.